特种优质水稻灌溉技术的试验研究

为了达到节水、改土和增产的目的,通过研究灌溉方式对耗水量、灌溉定额、灌水次数和特种优质水稻生长发育及其产量的影响,水文年型和品种对耗水量的影响,优选出了特种优质水稻最适宜的田间水分控制模式。     

保温型刚性护面渠道设计

在刚性面层下设置一道性能良好的保温层来防止基土冻结,可以从根本上解决冻胀破坏的问题。这种带保温层的刚性护面渠道称为保温型刚性护面渠道,根据热工原理,提出了保温型刚性护面渠道横断面设计在构造方面的要求,进一步推导出计算保温层厚度的有关公式,并给出算例,还指出了需要进一步研究和探讨的问题。     

播期密度及氮肥运筹方式对冬小麦籽粒产量的影响

通过不同播期、播种密度和氮肥运筹方式对不同冬小麦品种籽粒产量及构成因子影响的研究，探讨了通过调控播期、密度及氮肥运筹方式实现不同品种丰产高效的可能性。试验结果表明，播期、播种密度和氮肥运筹方式均显著影响小麦产量及产量构成因子，播期以10/15~10/22最为适宜，播种密度以120万/km2~240万/km2为宜，氮肥运筹方式以N210(3:5:2)最好，其次为N210(5:5)。保证供试小麦品种实现9000kg/hm2产量的高产途径为主茎和分蘖并重，适宜的产量结构为：4:4:4，即亩有效穗数39.4~44.4万，穗粒数35.3~40.0，千粒重40.2~45.8g。     

Penetration behavior of bath induced by top-blown gas jets for steelmaking converter

The cavity induced by top-blow gas jets impinging on the bath surface is one of most important parameters, which has overwhelming influence on the rate of slag formation and metallurgical performance. Water model experiments are conducted through a 1/10 scaled-down top-blown convertor. Effects of lance height and gas flow rate on penetration behavior are studied, and also the influence mechanism of liquid surface tension on penetration depth is addressed based on the experiments and theory analysis. An energy utilization index (EUI) is defined to reflect how much the impinging kinetic energy of gas jets are transferred into bath for formation of cavity, and an improved model is proposed to predict penetration depth of jets. The results show that penetration depth increases with lowering lance height and increasing gas flow rate, and impact diameter increases with increasing lance height, but is little affected by gas flow rate. Influence of liquid surface tension on penetration depth is enhanced with increasing surface tension and penetration depth. The EUI increases with increasing lance height, and a function relationship of it with lance height is obtained based on the experiments.     

播种期和品种对萝卜现蕾、抽薹和开花的影响

对冬性强弱不同的4个萝卜品种进行周年播种，以探讨其现蕾、抽薹和开花的响应。结果表明，从播种至现蕾、抽薹和开花所需的时间不仅品种间和播种期之间存在显著差异，而正品种与播种期之间的互作效应也达到极显著水平。播种后现蕾、抽薹时间越短，现蕾时叶片数也越少、初花期植株越矮小。在杭州的气候条件下，“白玉春”和“早春大根”周年播种在现蕾前均能够获得正常或基本正常的肉质根，但尽可能避免11月下旬至2月下旬；“一点红”只要在4月至11月初播种亦可在现蕾、抽薹前获得大小正常的肉质根；“短叶13”只有在6月下旬至9月下旬播种时方能在现蕾、抽薹前获得大小正常的肉质根。     

不同播种时期对大麦产量和品质的影响

本试验所用品种为垦啤麦2号，通过不同播种时期对其生育期、产量、品质等的影响进行研究。结果表明，该品种在黑龙江东部地区2005年春季低温多雨、夏季干旱的特殊气候条件下，最早3月27日播种的产量并不最高，越晚播的产量越低，而且品质也差。最佳播期在4月6～23日之间。     

Prediction of grain protein in spring malting barley grown in northern Europe

The ability to predict grain protein concentration at harvest (CP) in Swedish malting barley (Hordeum distichum) from observations of soil conditions, sowing day, fertilisation rate, remote sensing at early stem elongation and the temperature sum during grain filling, was tested for two cultivars; Astoria (Secobra, France) and Wikingett (Svalöf-Weibulls, Sweden) in 16 fertilisation trials in southern Sweden, encompassing 3 years (2001–2003). Fertilisation was applied either as a single dose at sowing, or as both a starting application and an application at early stem elongation. The highest total application rate was 160 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. The soil was analysed for phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium in the layer 0–0.3 m, and mineral N down to 0.6 m. Canopy reflectance observations at BBCH 32 was used to calculate a vegetation index (TCARI(32)) to reflect the canopy (leaf and straw) chlorophyll concentration. Harvested grain CP correlated only marginally with the observed soil variables. It was, however, for a specific cultivar, possible to make a prediction of grain CP based on day of sowing and TCARI(32) with . Part of the sowing day effect might be due to thermal stress during grain filling, as the risk for high temperatures during this phase was higher when sowing was late. This might also explain why the introduction of accumulated temperature during grain filling, into a model already including sowing day and TCARI(32) as independent variables, did not improve the predictability of grain CP.     

苗期不同滴灌方式对东北春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

春旱是东北玉米产量增长的主要障碍因素之一,滴灌可有效缓解其对玉米生产的不利影响,不同滴灌方式的效果具有差异性。本文以常规雨养玉米为对照(CK),研究了传统滴灌(采用内嵌迷宫式滴灌管)和新型滴灌(采用自流插入式滴灌管)2种方式与不同埋管深度(0 cm、5 cm和10 cm)对玉米生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响。与对照相比,滴灌显著增产,增幅达9.5%~20.1%。传统滴灌不同埋管深度处理间产量差异不显著,而新型滴灌埋深5 cm产量显著高于地表滴灌,增幅为4.4%。同一埋深不同滴灌方式之间,新型滴灌埋深5 cm比传统滴灌增产8.8%,其他埋深差异不显著。与对照相比,滴灌处理出苗率提高11.3%,收获期穗数增加13.3%。新型滴灌埋深5 cm产量高于其他处理的原因是生殖生长期叶面积指数下降慢,显著提高收获期干物质重。与对照相比,滴灌处理水分利用效率提高8.1%~10.9%,其中新型滴灌埋深5 cm处理水分利用效率最高。因此,埋深5 cm新型滴灌是有效提高玉米产量和水分利用效率的灌溉方式。